Facts about pīkao
Pīkao in flower
Pīkao or Pīngao, golden sand sedge (Desmoschoenus spiralis), is a native sand-binding sedge, with stiff, curled leaves that can be a brilliant green - especially when young -golden yellow or, on more mature plants, a fiery orange. In spring it produces flower heads up to 30cm long, with dark brown flowers that spiral around the stem.
Stunning pīkao stands would once have been found on almost every sandy beach, from Northland to Rakiura (Stewart Island) and the Chatham Islands. Today only a few remnant populations remain.
Pīkao is found only in New Zealand and is one of our major native dune builders, stabilising sandy areas by trapping wind-blown sand. It does this between its leaves, around the plant's base and with the long rope-like rhizomes or runners it sends out.
By allowing or encouraging sand dunes to form, pīkao creates an environment in which other native coastal species can establish and flourish. Naturally occuring pīkao is a good indicator of biodiversity in a coastal environment.
It's thought that the regional differences in pīkao's morphology relate to frost tolerance. In the north the plant has sprawling rhizomes, but heavy frost will knock these back. In the south, therefore, pīkao is hardier; more compact and erect, has fewer rhizomes and withstands cold winters.
Traditional uses
Pīkao is a taoka or treasure; one of four main native fibres used by iwi for weaving and sought after because the dried leaves are a brilliant yellow. It's used extensively on tukutuku panels in the wharenui, as well as for making kete (bags), pōtae (hats) and whāriki (mats) and many other functional or decorative items. Southern Māori once wore woven pīkao chest protectors in battle and when the young shoots were steamed, it was used as a food.
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